What do I do if I discover I made a mistake on my SSI income after I filed my return?

SSI income is not taxed. 

There is a possibility that the IRS may catch this error and adjust your tax return accordingly.

You will have to wait for the IRS to either Accept or Reject your filed federal tax return.
If the return is rejected you can make the necessary changes and e-file again.
If the return is accepted you will have to amend your original tax return. An amended return, Form 1040-X, can only be printed and mailed to the IRS if the original tax return was not e-filed. The IRS will take up to 20 weeks or longer to process an amended tax return.

Before starting to amend the tax return, wait for the tax refund to be received or the taxes due to be paid and processed by the IRS.

See this TurboTax support FAQ for amending a tax return - https://ttlc.intuit.com/turbotax-support/en-us/help-article/tax-return/amend-change-correct-return-already-filed/L4VjJ9BA2_US_en_US?uid=ld1n99kr

It might not affect your tax return.  Did you report too much or too little?  Is there any taxable amount in 1040 line 6b?