Can I file both federal and state taxes but pay what I owe later instead of being directly debited from my account?

You can tell the software that you will pay your tax due by mailing a check to the IRS or state.   Then you can take until April 15, 2024 to pay by whatever method you actually choose to use.   TurboTax never knows how, when or even if you pay your tax due.

 If you have federal tax due you can pay by mailing your payment with the 1040V voucher, (which has the address printed on it, having the payment taken out of a designated bank account, or you can pay directly on the IRS website. 

https://www.irs.gov/payments

https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-can-i-pay-my-federal-taxes/00/26212

https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-do-i-pay-my-irs-tax-due-with-a-check-or-money-order/00/26403 

To apply for a payment plan with the IRS

Apply Online for a Payment Plan

You must pay your state tax due using the state’s preferred method of receiving payment.  For most states that will be by making a payment to the state’s own tax website, or by mailing a check or money order.

https://ttlc.intuit.com/questions/1900884-what-are-my-options-for-getting-my-state-refund-or-for-paying-any-state-taxes-i-owe

https://ttlc.intuit.com/questions/1901670-how-do-i-contact-my-state-department-of-revenue