How do I pay for my taxes once they are accepted?

You should have seen that option to pay taxes owed when you got to the end to e-file.

Since you return has already been accepted, you can pay taxes owed to the IRS on their website:

https://www.irs.gov/payments

If you owe State taxes, check your State's website for their payment options to pay online.

Do you mean that you owe tax due to the IRS or to your state?

 If you have federal tax due you can pay by mailing your payment with the 1040V voucher, (which has the address printed on it, having the payment taken out of a designated bank account, or you can pay directly on the IRS website. 

https://www.irs.gov/payments

https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-can-i-pay-my-federal-taxes/00/26212

https://ttlc.intuit.com/community/tax-payments/help/how-do-i-pay-my-irs-tax-due-with-a-check-or-money-order/00/26403 

You must pay your state tax due using the state’s preferred method of receiving payment.  For most states that will be by making a payment to the state’s own tax website, or by mailing a check or money order.

https://ttlc.intuit.com/questions/1900884-what-are-my-options-for-getting-my-state-refund-or-for-paying-any-state-taxes-i-owe

https://ttlc.intuit.com/questions/1901670-how-do-i-contact-my-state-department-of-revenue

To apply for a payment plan with the IRS

Apply Online for a Payment Plan