I'm wondering how I owe in Federal when I had additional money taken out of each check?

It depends. There are a lot of factors that could effect your tax refund or amount due from year to year. 

Some of these reasons are:

• You were in a higher tax bracket due to earning more money
• You child turned 17 and no longer eligible for the Child Tax Credit and are now receiving the Credit for Other Dependents
• You no longer qualified for the Earned Income Credit
• You paid off your student loan and cannot deduct any student loan interest
• You are no longer eligible for education credits
• You took on an additional job
• You sold investments
• You had a distribution from a 401k that was not related to Covid-19
• You had a change in filing status
• You got unemployment and not enough taxes were taken out

To really understand the exact differences, you would have to do a line by line comparison of your return.